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And one should not forget in black powder days the usual firearm for elephant hunting was once single shots. Often a pair of them.

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That was a very short time in Africa.

F.C.Selous used first a muzzle loader caliber 4 for shooting elephants, but that was in 1871. Thereafter Double Rifles caliber 8 or 4 were used. Black Powder weapons were used in India for a longer period of time, supposedly until the twenties, but those were also mainly DR, most caliber 500 Black Powder Express.