What type of range can you get with the .338 vs the 30-06 vs .375 when taking moose?

I dont already have a 30-06 so I am not already comfortable with any one rifle, I am starting from scratch. In NJ you are only allowed shotgun or muzzle loading for deer no rifles, so that is all I have now. By the way will a 12 gauge with 3" slugs work for bear protection?