I would not use a jacketed bullet of any make in a damascus barrel. The barrel is most likely steel and iron & the softer iron will not like the guiling metal.
I would use cast bullets only in a damascus barrel - but then, I shoot a lot.

The new Hornady 350's have a sufficient jacket to allow them to be used up to over 2,000fps. I have used them on moose when driven at 2,260fps with perfect results at 50 and over 100 yards and excellent penetration and no excessive bullet expansion. They are pretty tough.

If you must use jacketed bullets, the 300gr. bullets by Sierra and Hornady have very thin jackets, almost wafer thin in comparrison. Too, the 405 Remington and 405gr. Winchester also have very thin jackets comparred to the 350 Hornady.

The 350 Hornadys are much better for velocities over 1,800fps and carry jackets 2 times thicker than the 405's which are also thicker than the 300's.

I have never used foam fillers so will not comment about them. I would rather use a powder designed to operate at (low volume) 50% of case volume as H4895 being the best of the bunch. It fills the case much better thna faster powders and will likely not need a filler with factory duplication loads.