Number 1, but number 3 has its appeal.

The biggest issue I run into with heavier bullets, at least in a double rifle, is that the heavier weight in a copper bullet makes the bullet longer and at a point not suitable for standard twist rates.

In a bolt rifle, it is difficult enough to try to get a heavier bullet to work because of its length.

I am still playing with the heavies in trying to get working loads. It is tough to push them faster in standard twist barrels. So, I am trying to fine the sine wave sweet spot for lower velocities.

I agree with Kevin's theory generally, but for large game you need a minimum velocity range to be effective. 2100 to 2400 fps seems to be the consensus for 400 to 500 grain bullets.

Back it down too much, and you have nothing more than a +P 45-70.

Interesting is that with the driving bands in GS and Northfork bullets, you can get more velocity with standard loads. But the heavier bullets are an issue with a 1:20 twist.

The only option I can see is to find a metal heavier than copper which will reduce the length of the bullet. I believe tungsten may be an option in the future (Speer used to carry them and Federal just came out with their MRX tungsten cores).

The heavy copper bullets are great if you don't mind changing barrels. Kind of tough to do with a double rifle or classic bolt rifle.

It is going to be interesting to see how Norma's new PH line fares. Supposidely, the increased weight on some of their ammo (e.g., 416 Rigby going from 410 to 450 grains) will work in standard twist rifles. I do know PH's in SA shooting 416 Rigbys have been using 430 grain Rhino bullets in their older rifles, and rave about the results.