IMHO I see no solution for these ladies being so truculent. Estimations are 100 000 to 150 000 elephants in Zimbabwe (depends on seasonnal migrations from Botswana due to drought). Hunters shoot about 800 eles per year, what's by far unsubstantial. The population is escalading too fast. Add it the shrinking of the habitats, the disturbances caused by hunters but mainly by more and more ecotourists that night and days are scouting the strongholds where the eles are supposed to have some relative quietness. Add it that locals are peppering (with good reasons) with any whynots the famished eles devastating their plots
And you have made a detonnating cocktail.
For the few I have seeen there, I have noticed that treading on a dry sticks have the eles a kilometer around are fucking off. But should you come as close as 20 or 30 m from the herd and the war is afoot.
In Mozambique it was even clearer. You just have to ride and any herd close by would rush and chase the car.
I see 3 reasons :
elephant overpopulation (not so in Moz)
human overpopulation
solid disturbances
and marginally rampant poaching.
As an ele is living 50 years, early in its life he would be orphaned, peperred by locals, maybe by poachers, let alone warfare in Moz, and no mystery that most of the eles have registred cumulative bad experiences from contacts with humans.
On an other hand bulls not in charge with totos look for a hermitlike life and would most of the time decamp from any human caused trouble.